Article Figures & Tables
Tables
- Table 1:
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics at insertion of tunnelled pleural catheter
Characteristic No. (%) of catheters*
n = 1071Patient age, yr, mean ± SD 68 ± 12 Patient sex Male 437 (40.8) Female 634 (59.2) Side of catheter Left 466 (43.5) Right 605 (56.5) ECOG Scale of Performance Status grade 0 1 (0.1) 1 43 (4.0) 2 173 (16.2) 3 395 (36.9) 4 459 (42.8) Baseline dyspnea index, mean ± SD 2.2 ± 1.9 Transition dyspnea index, mean ± SD 6.4 ± 1.6 Fluid drained, L, mean ± SD 1.6 ± 0.77 Positive findings on cytologic examination 399 (37.2) Baseline pleural effusion above hilum 585 (54.6) Hydropneumothorax after drainage 228 (21.3) Medical thoracoscopy at catheter insertion 158 (14.8) Note: ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.
- Table 2:
Rates of pleurodesis and days to pleurodesis by tumour type in univariate analysis
Tumour type No. (%) of catheters with pleurodesis OR (95% CI) Days to pleurodesis, median (IQR) p value Non–small-cell lung cancer (n = 384) 151 (39.3) 0.77 (0.60–1.00) 42 (25–77) 0.5 Breast (n = 213) 90 (42.2) 0.95 (0.70–1.28) 65 (35–144) < 0.001 Ovarian (n = 83) 56 (67.5) 2.95 (1.83–4.75) 41 (29–66) 0.3 Lymphoma (n = 76) 48 (63.2) 2.39 (1.47–3.87) 48 (29–100) 0.4 Gastrointestinal (n = 66)* 12 (18.2) 0.27 (0.14–0.51) 35 (28–46) 0.4 Mesothelioma (n = 53) 32 (60.4) 2.07 (1.18–3.63) 39 (16–87) 0.4 Other (n = 196) 75 (38.3) 0.77 (0.56–1.06) 42 (21–62) 0.9 Total (n = 1071) 464 (43.3) – 44 (26–90) – Note: CI = confidence interval, IQR = interquartile range, OR = odds ratio.
↵* Includes esophageal, gastric and colon.
- Table 3:
Univariate logistic regression analysis of other demographic and clinical factors predicting rates of pleurodesis
Variable OR (95% CI) Age 0.994 (0.985–1.004) ECOG Scale of Performance Status grade ≤ 2 5.078 (3.639–7.087) Medical thoracoscopy 5.435 (3.639–8.041) Pleural infection 2.645 (0.792–8.837) Chest radiologic data Hydropneumothorax 1.091 (0.812–1.464) Lung expansion ≤ 80% 0.887 (0.696–1.131) Pleural fluid analysis pH 1.499 (0.882–2.547) Protein level 1.070 (1.054–1.086) Albumin level 1.147 (1.118–1.178) Lactate dehydrogenase level 1 (1–1) Glucose level 0.993 (0.943–1.046) Erythrocyte count 1 (1–1) Total nucleated cell count 1 (1–1) % neutrophils 0.990 (0.984–0.997) % lymphocytes 1.016 (1.011–1.021) % monocytes 0.996 (0.990–1.002) % mesothelial cells 0.999 (0.988–1.011) % eosinophils 1.045 (1.015–1.076) % other cells on cell count 0.986 (0.979–0.993) Positive findings on cytologic examination 0.797 (0.620–1.025) Note: CI = confidence interval, ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, OR = odds ratio.
- Table 5:
Multivariate logistic regression of clinical factors predicting rates of pleurodesis
Variable OR (95% CI) Lymphoma 3.49 (1.93–6.33) Ovarian cancer 2.93 (1.68–5.11) Gastrointestinal cancer 0.41 (0.19–0.87) ECOG Scale of Performance Status grade ≤ 2 2.79 (1.79–4.34) Medical thoracoscopy 2.21 (1.28–3.85) Hydropneumothorax 0.62 (0.41–0.94) Protein level 1.03 (1.01–1.06) Albumin level 1.07 (1.03–1.12) % eosinophils 1.04 (1.00–1.07) % other cells 0.98 (0.97–0.99) Note: CI = confidence interval, ECOG = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, OR = odds ratio.
- Table 6:
Optimal threshold values by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of continuous variables predicting pleurodesis
Variable* Threshold value Area under the curve (95% CI) Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI) PPV (95% CI) NPV (95% CI) PLR NLR Protein level ≥ 44 g/L 0.69 (0.65–0.72) 0.45 (0.41–0.50) 0.81 (0.77–0.84) 0.63 (0.57–0.68) 0.67 (0.64–0.71) 2.35 0.68 Albumin level ≥ 25 g/L 0.71 (0.68–0.75) 0.47 (0.42–0.52) 0.82 (0.79–0.85) 0.65 (0.59–0.71) 0.69 (0.65–0.72) 2.64 0.65 % eosinophils ≥ 6% 0.55 (0.52–0.58) 0.09 (0.07–0.12) 0.96 (0.94–0.97) 0.61 (0.49–0.73) 0.60 (0.57–0.63) 2.22 0.95 % other cells 0% 0.55 (0.51–0.58) 0.60 (0.55–0.65) 0.47 (0.43–0.51) 0.44 (0.40–0.49) 0.62 (0.57–0.67) 1.12 0.86 Note: CI = confidence interval, NLR = negative likelihood ratio, NPV = negative predictive value, PLR = positive likelihood ratio, PPV = positive predictive value.
↵* All tests were performed on pleural fluid.
Variable HR (95% CI) Ovarian cancer 1.48 (1.06–2.08) Breast cancer 0.61 (0.46–0.81) Medical thoracoscopy 1.45 (1.10–1.92) Hydropneumothorax with ≤ 80% lung expansion 0.55 (0.38–0.80) Protein level 1.03 (1.01–1.04) % eosinophils 1.02 (1.00–1.04) % other cells 0.99 (0.98–1.00) Note: CI = confidence interval, HR = hazard ratio.
Complication No. (%) of catheters Loculation needing fibrinolytic 45 (4.2) Catheter dislodged 16 (1.5) Pleural infection 13 (1.2) Symptomatic reexpansion pulmonary edema 13 (1.2) Leak at catheter site 7 (0.6) Cellulitis 6 (0.6) Pain necessitating removal 4 (0.4) Mechanical failure 3 (0.3) Catheter plugged 3 (0.3) Tumour seeding 2 (0.2) Broken catheter valve 2 (0.2) Syncope 1 (0.1) Catheter fractured at removal 1 (0.1)