Article Figures & Tables
Figures
- Figure 1
Flow chart showing experimental procedure.
- Figure 2
Test question Percent Correct for the paper-based (95% confidence interval [CI] ± 5.112) and virtual-reality (95% CI ± 4.849) groups at each testing point. Error bars represent CIs. See Appendix 1 for mean scores.
- Figure 3
Control question Percent Correct for the paper-based (95% confidence interval [CI] ± 5.314) and virtual-reality (95% CI ± 6.599) groups at each testing point. Error bars represent CIs. See Appendix 1 for mean scores.
Tables
- Table 1: Demographic characteristics, previous neuroanatomy experience and study preferences of participants, by group*
Characteristic Group; no. (%) of participants† Virtual reality
n = 31Paper-based
n = 33Age, mean ± SD, yr 24.4 ± 2.7 24.3 ± 2.7 No. of semesters of neuroanatomy 20 24 Medical school year First 19 (61) 22 (67) Second 12 (39) 11 (33) Female sex 18 (58) 18 (54) Previous neuroanatomy experience 19 (61) 17 (52) Study preferences Textbook 16 (52) 20 (61) Lectures 22 (71) 21 (64) Drawing 19 (61) 17 (52) Flashcards 12 (39) 11 (33) Models 17 (55) 16 (48) YouTube 15 (48) 18 (54) Note: SD = standard deviation.
*No significant differences were found between groups at α = 0.05.
†Except where noted otherwise.
Variable F Degrees of freedom Mean squared error p value* Test 18.03 3, 186 246.18 < 0.001 Question type 160.03 1, 62 258.88 < 0.001 Group 2.33 1, 62 568.70 0.1 Test × Group 0.820 3, 186 246.18 0.5 Test × Question type 13.66 3, 186 234.33 < 0.001 Question type × Group 0.469 1, 62 258.88 0.5 Test × Question type × Group 1.81 3, 186 234.33 0.1 *2-tailed t test.
Variable F Degrees of freedom Mean squared error p value Test questions Test 37.35 3, 186 201.48 < 0.001 Group 4.58 1, 62 245.56 0.04 Test × Group 1.99 3, 186 201.48 0.1 Control questions Test 0.412 3, 186 279.03 0.7 Group 0.554 1, 62 582.02 0.5 Test × Group 0.809 3, 186 279.03 0.5 *2-tailed t test.
- Table 4: Results of independent samples t tests as a function of question type comparing the accuracy of the paper-based and virtual-reality groups for each condition
Question type t Degrees of freedom p value* Test questions Baseline -0.344 62 0.7 Postintervention -0.378 62 0.7 Baseline questions 7 d postintervention -3.20 62 0.002† Postintervention questions 7 d postintervention -0.703 62 0.5 Control questions Baseline -1.824 62 0.07 Postintervention 0.272 62 0.8 Baseline questions 7 d postintervention -0.036 62 1.0 Postintervention questions 7 d postintervention -0.606 62 0.5 *2-tailed t test.
†Represents significance at the Bonferroni-corrected α threshold of 0.00625 to control for multiple comparisons.
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