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Research

The challenges of measuring quality-of-care indicators in rural emergency departments: a cross-sectional descriptive study

Géraldine Layani, Richard Fleet, Renée Dallaire, Fatoumata K. Tounkara, Julien Poitras, Patrick Archambault, Jean-Marc Chauny, Mathieu Ouimet, Josée Gauthier, Gilles Dupuis, Alain Tanguay, Jean-Frédéric Lévesque, Geneviève Simard-Racine, Jeannie Haggerty and France Légaré
August 03, 2016 4 (3) E398-E403; DOI: https://doi.org/10.9778/cmajo.20160007
Géraldine Layani
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Richard Fleet
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Renée Dallaire
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Fatoumata K. Tounkara
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Julien Poitras
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Patrick Archambault
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Jean-Marc Chauny
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Mathieu Ouimet
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Josée Gauthier
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Gilles Dupuis
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Alain Tanguay
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Jean-Frédéric Lévesque
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Geneviève Simard-Racine
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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Jeannie Haggerty
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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France Légaré
Research Chair in Emergency Medicine Université Laval - Centre hospitalier affilié universitaire Hôtel-Dieu de Lévis (Layani, Fleet, Dallaire, Tounkara, Archambault, Tanguay), Lévis; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Fleet, Poitras, Archambault); Intensive Care Division (Archambault), Department of Anesthesiology, Université Laval, Québec; Department of Family and Emergency Medicine (Chauny), Université de Montréal, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal; Department of Political Science (Ouimet), Université Laval, Québec; Health Care Services Systems Analysis and Evaluation Directorate(Gauthier), Quebec Public Health Institute, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski; Department of Psychology (Dupuis), Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Que.; Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity (Lévesque), Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Emergency Medicine (Simard-Racine), Centre de santé et de services sociaux de La Matapédia, Amqui; McGill Chair in Family and Community Medicine Research (Haggerty), St. Mary's Hospital Centre and McGill University, Montréal; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine and Knowledge Transfer and Health Technology Assessment Group, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec Research Centre (Légaré), Evaluative Research Unit, Université Laval, Québec, Que.
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    Figure 1

    Flow chart of centres participating in project on rural emergency departments (EDs) in Quebec and use of provincial emergency department management guide.4,15,16

Tables

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    Table 1: Measurability of individual quality-of-care indicators12
    Quality-of-care indicatorNo. (%) of emergency departments (n = 15)
    Duration of stay
    QCI 1 Mean duration of stay in the ED (patients on stretcher and ambulatory) (all categories combined)10 (67)
    QCI 2-1 Triage level P19 (60)
    QCI 2-2 Triage level P29 (60)
    QCI 2-3 Triage level P310 (67)
    QCI 2-4 Triage level P410 (67)
    QCI 2-5 Triage level P510 (67)
    Patient safety
    QCI 3-1 Number of pediatric patients released from the ED who returned unexpectedly and were admitted within 48-72 h of initial release10 (67)
    QCI 3-2 Number of pediatric patients released from the ED who returned unexpectedly within 48-72 h of initial release9 (60)
    QCI 4-1 Number of adult patients released from the ED who returned unexpectedly and were admitted within 48-72 h of initial release8 (53)
    QCI 4-2 Number of adult patients released from the ED who returned unexpectedly within 48-72 h of initial release7 (47)
    QCI 5 Percentage of headache patients released from the ED and admitted to the hospital for subarachnoid hemorrhage in the subsequent 14 d11 (73)
    Pain management
    QCI 6 Delay before receiving first dose of analgesic for all pain conditions requiring analgesic4 (27)
    Pediatrics
    QCI 7 Percentage of pediatric patients (0-28 d) with fever who received a complete sepsis investigation6 (40)
    QCI 8 Percentage of pediatric patients (0-28 d) who received broad-spectrum antibiotics intravenously5 (33)
    QCI 9 Percentage of pediatric patients (3 mo to 3 yr) with croup who were treated with steroids5 (33)
    Cardiology
    QCI 10 Percentage of eligible patients with acute myocardial infarction who received thrombolytic therapy or interventional angioplasty9 (60)
    Respiratory care
    QCI 11-1 Number of patients with asthma (by age group) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)0 (0)
    QCI 11-2 Number of patients with asthma (0-3 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-3 Number of patients with asthma (4-10 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-4 Number of patients with asthma (11-17 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-5 Number of patients with asthma (18-39 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-6 Number of patients with asthma (40-59 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-7 Number of patients with asthma (60-79 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    QCI 11-8 Number of patients with asthma (≥ 80 yr) who received corticosteroids at the ED and at release (if released)6 (40)
    Stroke
    QCI 12 Percentage of eligible patients with acute stroke who received thrombolytic therapy6 (40)
    Sepsis/infection
    QCI 13 Delay of antibiotic administration for patients with bacterial meningitis8 (53)
    QCI 14 Percentage of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock who received broad-spectrum antibiotics within 4 h of arrival at the ED7 (47)

    Note: ED = emergency department.

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      Table 2: Frequency of database use to measure quality-of-care indicators
      Emergency department no.Database use, no. (%) of quality-of-care indicators (n = 27)
      112 (44)
      223 (85)
      31 (4)
      415 (56)
      521 (78)
      624 (89)
      712 (44)
      85 (18)
      92 (7)
      1013 (48)
      110 (0)
      120 (0)
      1325 (92)
      1412 (44)
      153 (11)
      • View popup
      Table 3: Median time to measure quality-of-care indicators
      Quality-of-care indicatorMedian time (and interquartile range), min
      Duration of stay
      QCI 1 (n = 9)4 (3-5)
      QCI 2-1 (n = 7)3 (1-6)
      QCI 2-2 (n = 4)4 (2.5-6)
      QCI 2-3 (n = 1)15 (15-15)
      QCI 2-4 (n = 1)1 (1-1)
      QCI 2-5 (n = 1)1 (1-1)
      Patient safety
      QCI 3-1 (n = 7)9 (3-24)
      QCI 3-2 (n = 5)4 (3-13)
      QCI 4-1 (n = 5)6 (4-11)
      QCI 4-2 (n = 4)3.5 (2-69.5)
      QCI 5 (n = 8)13.5 (12-35)
      Pain management
      QCI 6 (n = 2)78 (72-84)
      Pediatrics
      QCI 7 (n = 4)12 (4.5-21)
      QCI 8 (n = 2)4.5 (3-6)
      QCI 9 (n = 2)115.5 (6-225)
      Cardiology
      QCI 10 (n = 7)15 (12-25)
      Respiratory care
      QCI 11-1 (n = 3)18 (6-54)
      QCI 11-2 (n = 3)18 (6-54)
      QCI 11-3 (n = 2)15 (6-24)
      QCI 11-4 (n = 2)12 (6-18)
      QCI 11-5 (n = 2)30 (6-54)
      QCI 11-6 (n = 2)30 (6-54)
      QCI 11-7 (n = 2)12 (6-18)
      QCI 11-8 (n = 2)6 (6-6)
      Stroke
      QCI 12 (n = 4)10 (4.5-23.5)
      Sepsis/infection
      QCI 13 (n = 7)5 (1-12)
      QCI 14 (n = 4)13.5 (6.5-16.5)
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    CMAJ Open: 4 (3)
    Vol. 4, Issue 3
    4 Aug 2016
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    The challenges of measuring quality-of-care indicators in rural emergency departments: a cross-sectional descriptive study
    Géraldine Layani, Richard Fleet, Renée Dallaire, Fatoumata K. Tounkara, Julien Poitras, Patrick Archambault, Jean-Marc Chauny, Mathieu Ouimet, Josée Gauthier, Gilles Dupuis, Alain Tanguay, Jean-Frédéric Lévesque, Geneviève Simard-Racine, Jeannie Haggerty, France Légaré
    Aug 2016, 4 (3) E398-E403; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20160007

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    The challenges of measuring quality-of-care indicators in rural emergency departments: a cross-sectional descriptive study
    Géraldine Layani, Richard Fleet, Renée Dallaire, Fatoumata K. Tounkara, Julien Poitras, Patrick Archambault, Jean-Marc Chauny, Mathieu Ouimet, Josée Gauthier, Gilles Dupuis, Alain Tanguay, Jean-Frédéric Lévesque, Geneviève Simard-Racine, Jeannie Haggerty, France Légaré
    Aug 2016, 4 (3) E398-E403; DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20160007
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