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Characteristic HIV, no. (%)*n = 634 Non-HIV, no. (%)* n = 1 132 871 p value Age, yr, mean ± SD 30.8 ± 5.2 30.1 ± 5.2 0.002 18-34 yr 470 (74.1) 895 675 (79.1) 0.002 35-49 yr 164 (25.9) 237 196 (20.9) Aggregated diagnosis groups Median (IQR) 6.0 (5.0-9.0) 4.0 (3.0-6.0) < 0.001 Pre-existing diabetes 12 (1.9) 20 211 (1.8) 0.8 Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy 37 (5.8) 57 007 (5.0) 0.4 Pre-existing hypertension 23 (3.6) 29 789 (2.6) 0.1 Hypertension diagnosed during pregnancy 22 (3.5) 50 192 (4.4) 0.2 Hyperlipidemia 19 (3.0) 25 984 (2.3) 0.2 Obesity 17 (2.7) 30 659 (2.7) 1.0 Chronic kidney disease 8 (1.3) 2 046 (0.2) < 0.001 Adequacy of prenatal care (R-GINDEX) < 0.001 Adequate 175 (27.6) 428 867 (37.9) Intensive 54 (8.5) 61 597 (5.4) Intermediate 304 (47.9) 484 055 (42.7) Inadequate 101 (15.9) 156 982 (13.9) Immigration status, region of origin < 0.001 Non-immigrant 329 (51.9) 840 609 (74.2) Non-recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean 97 (15.3) 23 814 (2.1) Non-recent immigrant, other world regions 28 (4.4) 108 480 (9.6) Recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean 157 (24.8) 15 412 (1.4) Recent immigrant, other world regions 23 (3.6) 144 556 (12.8) Material deprivation income quintile < 0.001 1 (least deprived) 68 (10.7) 296 868 (26.2) 2 72 (11.4) 233 052 (20.6) 3 98 (15.5) 213 667 (18.9) 4 117 (18.5) 190 959 (16.9) 5 (most deprived) 261 (41.2) 183 836 (16.2) Residential instability quintile < 0.001 1 (least instability) 77 (12.1) 303 577 (26.8) 2 72 (11.4) 228 844 (20.2) 3 69 (10.9) 168 458 (14.9) 4 145 (22.9) 214 871 (19.0) 5 (most instability) 253 (39.9) 202 632 (17.9) Multiple birth 19 (3.0) 19 849 (1.8) 0.02 Preterm birth 100 (15.8) 81 047 (7.2) < 0.001 Previous preterm birth† n = 168 n = 338 276 < 0.001 34 (20.2) 24 912 (7.4) Note: IQR = interquartile range, R-GINDEX = revised-graduated prenatal care utilization index, SD = standard deviation.*Unless otherwise indicated.†Among women in their second or subsequent pregnancy.
Covariate OR (95% CI) Adjusted OR (95% CI)* HIV-infection 1.02 (0.72-1.45) 0.85 (0.59-1.21) Age, yr 18-34 (reference) 1.00 1.00 35-49 0.83 (0.82-0.85) 0.91 (0.89-0.93) Pre-existing diabetes 2.05 (1.95-2.14) 1.47 (1.39-1.54) Diabetes diagnosed during pregnancy 1.47 (1.42-1.51) 1.27 (1.23-1.31) Pre-existing hypertension 5.15 (5.01-5.32) 4.28 (4.15-4.42) Hyperlipidemia 1.27 (1.21-1.33) 1.03 (0.98-1.08) Chronic kidney disease 3.78 (3.37-4.25) 1.83 (1.61-2.08) Aggregated diagnosis groups 0-5 (reference) 1.00 1.00 6-10 1.60 (1.57-1.62) 1.41 (1.38 t0 1.43) 11 or more 2.65 (2.52-2.79) 1.93 (1.82-2.03) Adequacy of prenatal care (R-GINDEX) Adequate or intensive (reference) 1.00 1.00 Intermediate 0.58 (0.57-0.59) 0.65 (0.64-0.66) Inadequate 0.60 (0.58-0.61) 0.70 (0.68-0.72) Immigration status Non-immigrant (reference) 1.00 1.00 Non-recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean 1.00 (0.95-1.06) 0.90 (0.85-0.95) Non-recent immigrant, other world regions 0.72 (0.69-0.74) 0.70 (0.68-0.72) Recent immigrant, Africa or Caribbean 0.83 (0.77-0.89) 0.79 (0.73-0.85) Recent immigrant, other world regions 0.63 (0.61-0.64) 0.64 (0.62-0.66) Material deprivation income quintile 1 (least deprived; reference) 1.00 1.00 2 1.02 (1.00-1.05) 1.04 (1.01-1.06) 3 1.00 (0.97-1.02) 1.03 (1.00-1.05) 4 1.01 (0.99-1.04) 1.06 (1.03-1.09) 5 (most deprived) 1.00 (0.97-1.02) 1.06 (1.03-1.09) Residential instability quintile 1 (least instability; reference) 1.00 1.00 2 1.09 (1.07-1.12) 1.09 (1.06-1.11) 3 1.11 (1.09-1.14) 1.09 (1.06-1.13) 4 1.07 (1.05-1.10) 1.07 (1.04-1.10) 5 (most instability) 1.03 (1.01-1.06) 1.04 (1.01-1.07) Multiple birth 2.45 (2.34-2.55) 2.06 (1.97-2.15) Parity 0.62 (0.61-0.63) 0.61 (0.60-0.62) Note: CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio, R-GINDEX = revised-graduated prenatal care utilization index.
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