Medication use before the index date§ | | | | | | | | |
Diuretics | 18 516 | (32.10) | 28 090 | (33.68) | 3 | 18 516 | (32.10) | 18 644 | (33.47) | 3 |
Anti-inflammatories | 10 816 | (18.75) | 13 157 | (15.77) | 8 | 10 816 | (18.75) | 10 268 | (18.43) | 1 |
Glucocorticoids | 11 297 | (19.58) | 16 121 | (19.33) | 1 | 11 297 | (19.58) | 11 350 | (20.38) | 2 |
Sulfonamides | 859 | (1.49) | 1 647 | (1.97) | 4 | 859 | (1.49) | 1 029 | (1.85) | 3 |
Tetracyclines | 85 | (0.15) | 152 | (0.18) | 1 | 85 | (0.15) | 128 | (0.23) | 2 |
Lipid-lowering drugs | 43 829 | (75.97) | 51 532 | (61.79) | 31 | 43 829 | (75.97) | 42 210 | (75.77) | 0 |
Estrogen therapy | 601 | (1.04) | 886 | (1.06) | 0 | 601 | (1.04) | 689 | (1.24) | 2 |
β-blockers | 18 780 | (32.55) | 25 985 | (31.16) | 3 | 18 780 | (32.55) | 19 343 | (34.72) | 5 |
Azathioprine | 74 | (0.13) | 139 | (0.17) | 1 | 74 | (0.13) | 67 | (0.12) | 0 |
Acetaminophen | 2 981 | (5.17) | 4 455 | (5.34) | 1 | 2 981 | (5.17) | 2 871 | (5.15) | 0 |
Methyldopa | 92 | (0.16) | 129 | (0.15) | 0 | 92 | (0.16) | 111 | (0.20) | 1 |
Tamoxifen | 65 | (0.11) | 84 | (0.10) | 0 | 65 | (0.11) | 42 | (0.08) | 1 |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 26 098 | (45.24) | 32 599 | (39.09) | 12 | 26 098 | (45.24) | 25 536 | (45.84) | 1 |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 19 645 | (34.05) | 21 037 | (25.22) | 19 | 19 645 | (34.05) | 18 335 | (32.91) | 2 |
Aliskiren | 1 394 | (2.42) | 951 | (1.14) | 10 | 1 394 | (2.42) | 979 | (1.76) | 5 |
Codeine | 5 667 | (9.82) | 7 468 | (8.95) | 3 | 5 667 | (9.82) | 5 693 | (10.22) | 1 |
Mesalamine | 55 | (0.10) | 63 | (0.08) | 1 | 55 | (0.10) | 43 | (0.08) | 1 |
Metronidazole | 730 | (1.27) | 1 129 | (1.35) | 1 | 730 | (1.27) | 774 | (1.39) | 1 |
Sulindac | 37 | (0.06) | 41 | (0.05) | 1 | 37 | (0.06) | 28 | (0.05) | 1 |
Valproic acid | 41 | (0.07) | 94 | (0.11) | 1 | 41 | (0.07) | 53 | (0.10) | 1 |
Amiodarone | 336 | (0.58) | 639 | (0.77) | 2 | 336 | (0.58) | 377 | (0.68) | 1 |
Lamivudine | 12 | (0.02) | 12 | (0.01) | 0 | 12 | (0.02) | ≤ 5 | | — |
Omeprazole | 2 343 | (4.06) | 3 519 | (4.22) | 1 | 2 343 | (4.06) | 2 639 | (4.74) | 3 |
Erythromycin | 43 | (0.07) | 54 | (0.06) | 0 | 43 | (0.07) | 32 | (0.06) | 1 |
Hypoglycemic agents prescribed in the 120 d before index date¶ | | | | | | | | |
Insulin | 4 505 | (7.81) | 3 164 | (3.79) | 17 | 4 505 | (7.81) | 4 091 | (7.34) | 2 |
Gliclazide | 17 142 | (29.71) | 4 566 | (5.47) | 67 | 17 142 | (29.71) | 14 734 | (26.45) | 7 |
Glyburide | 13 807 | (23.93) | 12 681 | (15.20) | 22 | 13 807 | (23.93) | 14 847 | (26.65) | 6 |
Metformin | 43 135 | (74.77) | 20 987 | (25.16) | 14 | 43 135 | (74.77) | 41 592 | (74.66) | 0 |
Pioglitazone | 5 812 | (10.07) | 1 863 | (2.23) | 33 | 5 812 | (10.07) | 5 949 | (10.68) | 2 |
Repaglinide | 341 | (0.59) | 194 | (0.23) | 6 | 341 | (0.59) | 228 | (0.41) | 3 |
Rosiglitazone | 2 015 | (3.49) | 524 | (0.63) | 20 | 2 015 | (3.49) | 1 956 | (3.51) | 0 |
Hypoglycemic agents prescribed on the index date** | | | | | | | |
Insulin | 1 010 | (1.75) | ≤ 5‡‡ | | — | 1 010 | (1.75) | 0 | | 19 |
Gliclazide | 6 232 | (10.80) | 5 578 | (6.69) | 15 | 6 232 | (10.80) | 0 | | 49 |
Glyburide | 2 982 | (5.17) | 6 198 | (7.43) | 9 | 2 982 | (5.17) | 0 | | 33 |
Metformin | 14 174 | (24.57) | 1 324 | (1.59) | 73 | 14 174 | (24.57) | 0 | | 81 |
Pioglitazone | 652 | (1.13) | 409 | (0.49) | 7 | 652 | (1.13) | 771 | (1.38) | 2 |
Repaglinide | 61 | (0.11) | 27 | (0.03) | 3 | 61 | (0.11) | 13 | (0.02) | 3 |
Rosiglitazone | 89 | (0.15) | 51 | (0.06) | 3 | 89 | (0.15) | 105 | (0.19) | 1 |
Hypoglycemic agents prescribed in the 1 yr to 120 d before the index date†† | | | | | |
Insulin | 4 671 | (8.10) | 5 272 | (6.32) | 37 | 4 671 | (8.10) | 4 213 | (7.56) | 2 |
Gliclazide | 17 175 | (29.77) | 5 886 | (7.06) | 61 | 17 175 | (29.77) | 14 249 | (25.58) | 9 |
Glyburide | 17 038 | (29.53) | 15 101 | (18.11) | 27 | 17 038 | (29.53) | 17 053 | (30.61) | 2 |
Metformin | 45 376 | (78.66) | 27 777 | (33.30) | 103 | 45 376 | (78.66) | 41 580 | (74.64) | 9 |
Pioglitazone | 7 023 | (12.17) | 2 918 | (3.50) | 33 | 7 023 | (12.17) | 6 493 | (11.66) | 2 |
Repaglinide | 450 | (0.78) | 372 | (0.45) | 4 | 450 | (0.78) | 353 | (0.63) | 2 |
Rosiglitazone | 2 981 | (5.17) | 1 123 | (1.35) | 22 | 2 981 | (5.17) | 2 447 | (4.39) | 4 |
Recent test for glycosylated hemoglobin levels | | 16 413 | (28.45) | 14 837 | (26.63) | 4 |
Glycosylated hemoglobin level, % | | | | |
Mean | | | | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8 |
Median | | | | 7.4 | 7.5 | |
25th percentile | | | 6.9 | 6.9 | |
75th percentile | | | 8.2 | 8.4 | |
Standard deviation | | | 1.3 | 1.2 | |