Country of birth | | | | | |
Canadian born | 17 659 | (91.6) | 58 (57 to 58) | Reference | |
Foreign born | 1 613 | (8.4) | 54 (52 to 55) | −4 (−6 to −2) | < 0.001 |
Time since immigration, yr | | | | | |
Canadian born | 17 659 | (91.6) | 58 (57 to 58) | Reference | |
≥ 6 | 891 | (4.6) | 52 (50 to 54) | −6 (−8 to −4) | < 0.001 |
3–5 | 396 | (2.1) | 56 (53 to 59) | −2 (−5 to 1) | 0.30 |
1–2 | 325 | (1.7) | 55 (52 to 59) | −2 (−6 to 1) | 0.23 |
Ethnicity | | | | | |
Canadian host culture | 15 071 | (78.2) | 57 (57 to 58) | Reference | |
Arab and West Asian | 300 | (1.6) | 58 (54 to 61) | 1 (−3 to 4) | 0.78 |
African | 737 | (3.8) | 60 (58 to 62) | 3 (0 to 5) | 0.028 |
East Indian and South Asian | 559 | (2.9) | 52 (49 to 55) | −5 (−8 to −3) | < 0.001 |
East and Southeast Asian | 1 089 | (5.7) | 53 (51 to 56) | −4 (−6 to −2) | < 0.001 |
Latin American | 187 | (1.0) | 60 (56 to 65) | 3 (−2 to 7) | 0.24 |
Other‡ | 1 330 | (6.9) | 59 (57 to 60) | 1 (0 to 3) | 0.15 |
Individual-level covariables | | | | | |
Sex | | | | | |
Male | 9 567 | (49.6) | 61 (60 to 62) | Reference | |
Female | 9 705 | (50.4) | 53 (52 to 54) | −8 (−9 to −7) | < 0.001 |
Perceived family wealth | | | | | |
Well off | 11 064 | (57.4) | 56 (55 to 57) | Reference | |
Average | 6 436 | (33.4) | 58 (57 to 59) | 2 (1 to 3) | < 0.001 |
Worse off | 1 772 | (9.2) | 61 (59 to 63) | 5 (3 to 6) | < 0.001 |
Area-level covariables | | | | | |
Median annual household income, $ | | | | | |
Quartile 4: > 67 605 | 4 512 | (23.4) | 56 (55 to 58) | Reference | |
Quartile 3: 53 115–67 605 | 4 440 | (23.0) | 56 (54 to 58) | 0 (−2 to 2) | 0.85 |
Quartile 2: 43 571–53 114 | 4 311 | (22.4) | 56 (55 to 58) | 0 (−2 to 2) | 0.99 |
Quartile 1: < 43 571 | 6 008 | (31.2) | 59 (58 to 61) | 3 (1 to 5) | 0.002 |
Immigrants in the community, % | | | | | |
Quartile 4: ≥ 17 | 6 399 | (33.2) | 55 (54 to 56) | Reference | |
Quartile 3: 9 to < 17 | 5 095 | (26.4) | 58 (57 to 60) | 3 (1 to 5) | < 0.001 |
Quartile 2: 3 to < 9 | 4 319 | (22.4) | 58 (57 to 60) | 3 (1 to 5) | < 0.001 |
Quartile 1: < 3 | 3 459 | (18.0) | 58 (56 to 60) | 3 (1 to 5) | 0.008 |
Statistics Canada population centre category | | | | | |
Large urban centre | 6 275 | (32.6) | 56 (54 to 57) | Reference | |
Medium centre | 3 501 | (18.2) | 57 (55 to 59) | 1 (−1 to 3) | 0.24 |
Small centre | 8 898 | (46.2) | 58 (57 to 59) | 2 (0 to 4) | 0.015 |
Rural | 597 | (3.1) | 60 (57 to 64) | 5 (1 to 8) | 0.019 |