Age, yr, median (IQR) | 70.7 (63.7–78.1) | 70.5 (63.7–78.1) | 0.001 | 72.5 (65.4–79.5) | 72.2 (65.3–79.4) | 0.003 |
Sex, male | 24362 (97.9) | 24476 (97.9) | 0.001 | 12334 (98.1) | 12406 (98.2) | 0.004 |
Race |
White | 20908 (84.0) | 21007 (84.0) | 0.002 | 10918 (86.9) | 10982 (86.9) | 0.002 |
Black | 3503 (14.1) | 3512 (14.0) | | 1424 (11.3) | 1430 (11.3) | |
Other‡ | 472 (1.9) | 479 (1.9) | | 229 (1.8) | 226 (1.8) | |
Time from cohort entry to kidney threshold, mo, median (IQR) | 14.2 (5.9–30.7) | 14.3 (6.1–30.9) | 0.014 | 28.4 (18.9–45.4) | 28.6 (19.0–45.6) | 0.009 |
Year reached kidney threshold |
2002–2003 | 2815 (11.3) | 2808 (11.2) | 0.027 | 1568 (12.5) | 1545 (12.2) | 0.038 |
2004–2005 | 4308 (17.3) | 4268 (17.1) | | 2236 (17.8) | 2234 (17.7) | |
2006–2007 | 5005 (10.1) | 5216 (20.9) | | 2722 (21.7) | 2853 (22.6) | |
2008–2009 | 3726 (15.0) | 3781(15.1) | | 1983 (15.8) | 1999 (15.8) | |
2010–2011 | 3291 (13.2) | 3207 (12.8) | | 1737 (13.8) | 1673 (13.2) | |
2012–2013 | 2603 (10.5) | 2556 (10.2) | | 1281(10.2) | 1254 (9.9) | |
2014–2015 | 2164 (8.7) | 2181 (8.7) | | 1038 (8.2) | 1076 (8.5) | |
2016 | 971 (3.9) | 981 (3.9) | | 5 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | |
Laboratory variables |
HbA1c, %, median (IQR) | 6.5 (6.1–7.1) | 6.5 (6.1–7.2) | 0.007 | 6.5 (6.1–7.0) | 6.50 (6.0–7.1) | 0.007 |
Missing HbA1C measure | 1011 (4.1) | 994 (4.0) | 0.004 | 503 (4.0) | 488 (3.9) | |
Historical eGFR before kidney threshold, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR)§ | 69.3 (64.5–76.6) | 69.3 (64.5–76.6) | 0.001 | – | – | |
eGFR at kidney threshold, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | 55.6 (51.4–58.0) | 55.6 (51.4–58.0) | 0.002 | 55.9 (52.2–58.1) | 55.8 (52.2–58.2) | 0.003 |
eGFR at 361 days, mL/min/1.73 m2, median (IQR) | – | – | | 63.5 (55.8–72.3) | 63.7 (55.7–72.3) | 0.007 |
Missing eGFR | 293 (1.2) | 296 (1.2) | 0.001 | 964 (7.7) | 957 (7.6) | 0.004 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL, median (IQR) | 14.0 (13.0–15.1) | 14.1 (13.0–15.1) | 0.003 | 13.9 (12.9–14.9) | 14.0 (12.9–15.0) | 0.004 |
Missing hemoglobin | 1507 (6.1) | 1503 (6.0) | 0.002 | 777 (6.2) | 792 (6.3) | 0.003 |
Low-density lipoprotein, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 2.28 (1.81–2.82) | 2.28 (1.81–2.82) | 0.002 | 2.18 (1.76–2.64) | 2.18 (1.76–2.67) | 0.001 |
Missing low-density lipoprotein measure | 779 (3.1) | 781 (3.1) | < 0.001 | 310 (2.5) | 309 (2.4) | 0.004 |
Microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio stage |
Normal (< 30 mg/g) | 9616 (38.6) | 9670 (38.7) | 0.003 | 5261 (41.9) | 5305 (42.0) | 0.003 |
Microalbuminuria (30–300 mg/g) | 2775 (11.2) | 2771.0 (11.1) | | 1516 (12.1) | 1523 (12.1) | |
Macroalbuminuria (> 300 mg/g) | 788 (3.2) | 781.6 (3.1) | | 370 (2.9) | 373 (3.0) | |
Missing microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio | 11703 (47.0) | 11775 (47.1) | | 5424 (43.1) | 5436 (43.0) | |
Proteinuria by urinalysis |
Negative | 11736 (47.2) | 11787 (47.2) | 0.002 | 6101 (48.5) | 6129 (48.5) | 0.002 |
Urine protein trace or 1+ | 3533 (14.2) | 3561 (14.2) | | 1700 (13.5) | 1711 (13.5) | |
Proteinuria present at 2+ | 831 (3.3) | 838 (3.4) | | 330 (2.6) | 330 (2.6) | |
Proteinuria present at 3+ or 4+ | 336 (1.3) | 336 (1.3) | | 127 (1.0) | 126 (1.0) | |
Unknown urine protein measure | 8446 (33.9) | 8476 (33.9) | | 4313 (34.3) | 4341 (34.4) | |
Clinical variables |
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 131 (119–142) | 131 (119–142) | 0.002 | 132 (120–142) | 132 (121–142) | 0.005 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg, median (IQR) | 72 (64–80) | 72 (64–80) | 0.001 | 72 (64–79) | 72 (64–79) | 0.001 |
BMI, median (IQR) | 30.3 (27.0–34.4) | 30.3 (27.0–34.3) | 0.003 | 30.2 (27.0–34.2) | 30.2 (27.0–34.1) | 0.001 |
Missing BMI measure | 4688 (18.8) | 4719 (18.9) | 0.001 | 2290 (18.2) | 2306 (18.3) | 0.003 |
Baseline comorbidities |
Malignant disease¶ | 2971 (11.9) | 2990 (12.0) | 0.001 | 1622 (12.9) | 1622 (12.8) | 0.002 |
Liver disease | 625 (2.5) | 621 (2.5) | 0.002 | 230 (1.8) | 229 (1.8) | 0.001 |
HIV | 89 (0.4) | 90 (0.4) | 0.001 | 39 (0.3) | 40 (0.3) | 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 3051 (12.3) | 3071 (12.3) | 0.001 | 1580 (12.6) | 1592 (12.6) | 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease | 7935 (31.9) | 8006 (32.0) | 0.003 | 3987 (31.7) | 4019 (31.8) | 0.002 |
Stroke | 831 (3.3) | 827 (3.3) | 0.002 | 399 (3.2) | 401 (3.2) | < 0.01 |
Transient ischemic attack | 322 (1.3) | 332 (1.3) | 0.003 | 155 (1.2) | 153 (1.2) | 0.002 |
Serious mental illness** | 4957 (19.9) | 5035 (20.1) | 0.005 | 2401 (19.1) | 2430 (19.2) | 0.003 |
Smoking | 3045 (12.2) | 3068 (12.3) | 0.001 | 1262 (10.0) | 1263 (10.0) | 0.002 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 4284 (17.2) | 4321 (17.3) | 0.002 | 2157 (17.2) | 2166 (17.1) | < 0.01 |
History of respiratory failure | 821 (3.3) | 821 (3.3) | 0.001 | 543 (4.3) | 533 (4.2) | 0.005 |
History of sepsis | 406 (1.6) | 414 (1.7) | 0.002 | 291 (2.3) | 291 (2.3) | 0.001 |
History of pneumonia | 1074 (4.3) | 1092 (4.4) | 0.003 | 648 (5.2) | 640 (5.1) | 0.004 |
Arrhythmia | 4387 (17.6) | 4418 (17.7) | 0.001 | 2399 (19.1) | 2414 (19.1) | < 0.01 |
Cardiac valve disease | 919 (3.7) | 929 (3.7) | 0.001 | 497 (4.0) | 503 (4.0) | 0.002 |
Parkinson disease | 234 (0.9) | 237 (0.9) | 0.001 | 162 (1.3) | 158 (1.3) | 0.003 |
Urinary tract infection | 1055 (4.2) | 1067 (4.3) | 0.001 | 640 (5.1) | 645 (5.1) | 0.001 |
Osteomyelitis | 156 (0.6) | 154 (0.6) | 0.002 | 65 (0.5) | 64 (0.5) | 0.002 |
Osteoporosis | 200 (0.8) | 206 (0.8) | 0.002 | 118 (0.9) | 115 (0.9) | 0.003 |
Falls | 57 (0.2) | 59 (0.2) | 0.002 | 59 (0.5) | 57 (0.4) | 0.003 |
Fractures | 556 (2.2) | 556 (2.2) | 0.001 | 315 (2.5) | 313 (2.5) | 0.002 |
Amputation | 118 (0.5) | 123 (0.5) | 0.002 | 55 (0.4) | 55 (0.4) | 0.001 |
Retinopathy | 286 (1.1) | 287 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 117 (0.9) | 121 (1.0) | 0.003 |
Use of medications |
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors | 15958 (64.1) | 16080 (64.3) | 0.004 | 7623 (60.6) | 7690 (60.9) | 0.004 |
Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 2904 (11.7) | 2904 (11.6) | 0.002 | 1647 (13.1) | 1644 (13.0) | 0.003 |
β-blockers | 12699 (51.0) | 12770 (51.1) | 0.001 | 6533 (52.0) | 6565 (51.9) | < 0.01 |
Calcium-channel blockers | 7417 (29.8) | 7454 (29.8) | < 0.001 | 3801 (30.2) | 3820 (30.2) | < 0.01 |
Thiazide- and potassium-sparing diuretics | 10072 (40.5) | 10169 (40.7) | 0.004 | 4531 (36.0) | 4578 (36.2) | 0.004 |
Loop diuretics | 5059 (20.3) | 5087 (20.3) | < 0.001 | 2433 (19.4) | 2448 (19.4) | 0.001 |
Other antihypertensive medications | 6873 (27.6) | 6887 (27.6) | 0.002 | 3834 (30.5) | 3834 (30.3) | 0.003 |
Statin lipid-lowering drugs | 16763 (67.4) | 16917 (67.7) | 0.007 | 9059 (72.1) | 9119 (72.2) | 0.002 |
Nonstatin lipid-lowering agents | 4237 (17.0) | 4264 (17.1) | 0.001 | 2275 (18.1) | 2280 (18.0) | 0.002 |
Antiarrhythmic drugs, digoxin and inotropes | 2313 (9.3) | 2321 (9.3) | < 0.001 | 1072 (8.5) | 1078 (8.5) | < 0.01 |
Anticoagulant drugs and platelet inhibitors | 2578 (10.4) | 2588 (10.4) | < 0.001 | 1386 (11.0) | 1394 (11.0) | < 0.01 |
Nitrates | 3652 (14.7) | 3689 (14.8) | 0.002 | 1716 (13.6) | 1739 (13.8) | 0.003 |
ASA | 5332 (21.4) | 5385 (21.5) | 0.003 | 2533 (20.1) | 2570 (20.3) | 0.005 |
Non-ASA platelet inhibitors | 2643 (10.6) | 2660 (10.6) | 0.001 | 1329 (10.6) | 1343 (10.6) | 0.002 |
Antipsychotic drugs | 1662 (6.7) | 1685 (6.7) | 0.003 | 747 (5.9) | 745 (5.9) | 0.002 |
Oral glucocorticoids | 1823 (7.3) | 1845 (7.4) | 0.002 | 894 (7.1) | 892 (7.1) | 0.002 |
Indicators of health care use†† |
Admitted to hospital within year (Veterans Health) | 3550 (14.3) | 3600 (14.4) | 0.004 | 1510 (12.0) | 1538 (12.2) | 0.005 |
Admitted to hospital in 30 days (Veterans Health) | 934 (3.8) | 953 (3.8) | 0.003 | 188 (1.5) | 187 (1.5) | 0.001 |
Admitted to hospital within year (Medicare/Medicaid) | 2851 (11.5) | 2860 (11.4) | < 0.001 | 1521 (12.1) | 1507 (11.9) | 0.005 |
Admitted to hospital in 30 days (Medicare/Medicaid) | 450 (1.8) | 461 (1.8) | 0.003 | 197 (1.6) | 198 (1.6) | < 0.01 |
Medicaid use in previous year | 298 (1.2) | 307 (1.2) | 0.003 | 143 (1.1) | 142 (1.1) | 0.001 |
Medicare use in previous year | 9128 (36.7) | 9129 (36.5) | 0.003 | 5221 (41.5) | 5213 (41.3) | 0.006 |
Nursing home encounter in previous year | 97 (0.4) | 102 (0.4) | 0.003 | 66 (0.5) | 67 (0.5) | < 0.01 |
Medicare Advantage use | 3979 (16.0) | 3998 (16.0) | < 0.001 | 2498 (19.9) | 2517 (19.9) | 0.001 |