Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is an essential negative regulator of T cell
immune responses whose mechanism of action is the subject of debate. CTLA-4 shares two …

Introduction: Opioid-related mortality appears to be increasing in Canada. We examined the
true extent of the problem and the impact of the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. …

The cytolytic ionotropic ATP receptor P2X 7 has several important roles in immune cell
regulation, such as cytokine release, apoptosis, and microbial killing. Although P2X 7 receptors …

Liver fibrosis is a wound healing response to chronic liver injury and inflammation in which
macrophages and infiltrating monocytes participate in both the development and resolution …

The active form of vitamin D, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3), has potent
immunomodulatory properties that have promoted its potential use in the prevention and treatment …

25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1, 25 (OH) 2 D 3], the active form of vitamin D, exerts potent effects
on several tissues including cells of the immune system, where it affects T cell activation, …

The P2X 4 receptor has a widespread distribution in the central nervous system and the
periphery, and plays an important role in the function of immune cells and the vascular system. …

The cellular uptake, intracellular processing, and presentation of foreign antigen are crucial
processes for eliciting an effective adaptive host response to the majority of pathogens. The …

CTLA-4 is one of the most important negative regulators of the T cell immune response.
However, the subcellular distribution of CTLA-4 is unusual for a receptor that interacts with cell …

The CTLA-4 pathway is recognized as a major immune inhibitory axis and is a key therapeutic
target for augmenting antitumor immunity or curbing autoimmunity. CTLA-4-deficient mice …