The profound luminal acidification essential for the degradative function of lysosomes
requires a counter-ion flux to dissipate an opposing voltage that would prohibit proton …

Despite intense research into the pathogenesis of sepsis, the current therapy for this
devastating syndrome is primarily supportive and mortality remains high. The paucity of specific …

Here we have identified 'triple D' (3d), a recessive N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutation
and phenotype in which no signaling occurs via the intracellular Toll-like receptors 3, 7 and 9 (…

Although the central role of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase in mediating bacterial killing has
long been appreciated, this sophisticated enzyme complex serves various other important …

Autophagy plays an important role in immunity to microbial pathogens. The autophagy
system can target bacteria in phagosomes, promoting phagosome maturation and preventing …

Autophagy is known to be important in presentation of cytosolic antigens on MHC class II (MHC
II). However, the role of autophagic process in antigen presentation in vivo is unclear. …

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates rapidly in the
cytosol of host cells during acute infection 1 . Surprisingly, these bacteria were found to occupy …

The protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is released into the extracellular space in
response to many inflammatory stimuli, where it is a potent signaling molecule. Although …

Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune response and of the clearance of
apoptotic bodies. Phagosome formation and subsequent maturation require extensive …

Plasma membrane rupture (PMR) in dying cells undergoing pyroptosis or apoptosis requires
the cell-surface protein NINJ1 1 . PMR releases pro-inflammatory cytoplasmic molecules, …