Patient and emergency department visit characteristics and outcomes for patients with diabetic ketoacidosis
| Characteristic | No. (%) of patients* | Standardized difference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n = 9957 | Pandemic period n = 3376 | Control period n = 6581 | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, yr | ||||
| 18–64 | 7668 (77.0) | 2571 (76.2) | 5097 (77.5) | 0.03 |
| ≥ 65 | 2289 (23.0) | 805 (23.8) | 1484 (22.5) | 0.03 |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 4679 (47.0) | 1505 (44.6) | 3174 (48.2) | 0.07 |
| Rural | ||||
| Urban | 8844 (91.2) | 3010 (91.7) | 5834 (90.9) | 0.03 |
| Rural | 854 (8.8) | 271 (8.3) | 583 (9.1) | 0.03 |
| Income quintile | ||||
| 1 (high) | 3109 (31.4) | 1061 (31.5) | 2048 (31.3) | 0.01 |
| 2 | 2216 (22.4) | 777 (23.1) | 1439 (22.0) | 0.03 |
| 3 | 1780 (18.0) | 588 (17.5) | 1192 (18.2) | 0.02 |
| 4 | 1567 (15.8) | 528 (15.7) | 1039 (15.9) | 0 |
| 5 (low) | 1240 (12.5) | 409 (12.2) | 831 (12.7) | 0.02 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| ADG score | ||||
| Mean ± SD | 11.93 ± 5.01 | 11.62 ± 5.07 | 12.08 ± 4.98 | 0.09 |
| Median (IQR) | 12 (8–16) | 12 (8–15) | 12 (9–16) | 0.09 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1201 (12.1) | 404 (12.0) | 797 (12.1) | 0 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1325 (13.3) | 441 (13.1) | 884 (13.4) | 0.01 |
| Congestive heart failure | 838 (8.4) | 277 (8.2) | 561 (8.5) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 8750 (87.9) | 2850 (84.4) | 5900 (89.7) | 0.16 |
| Hypertension | 4504 (45.2) | 1525 (45.2) | 2979 (45.3) | 0 |
| Asthma | 2137 (21.5) | 714 (21.1) | 1423 (21.6) | 0.01 |
| Cancer | 414 (4.2) | 149 (4.4) | 265 (4.0) | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 460 (4.6) | 163 (4.8) | 297 (4.5) | 0.01 |
| Liver failure | 141 (1.4) | 43 (1.3) | 98 (1.5) | 0.02 |
| Renal failure | 1210 (12.2) | 404 (12.0) | 806 (12.2) | 0.01 |
| ED characteristics | ||||
| Weekday ED visit (Monday to Friday) | 7225 (72.6) | 2449 (72.5) | 4776 (72.6) | 0 |
| Time of ED visit | ||||
| Day (08:00–16:59) | 5207 (52.3) | 1777 (52.6) | 3430 (52.1) | 0.01 |
| Evening (17:00–23:59) | 3129 (31.4) | 1065 (31.5) | 2064 (31.4) | 0 |
| Night (00:00–07:59) | 1621 (16.3) | 534 (15.8) | 1087 (16.5) | 0.02 |
| Hospital type | ||||
| Community | 6933 (69.6) | 2370 (70.2) | 4563 (69.3) | 0.02 |
| Small | 630 (6.3) | 209 (6.2) | 421 (6.4) | 0.01 |
| Teaching | 2394 (24.0) | 797 (23.6) | 1597 (24.3) | 0.02 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Ambulance arrival | 5126 (51.5) | 1850 (54.8) | 3276 (49.8) | 0.1 |
| Hospital admission | 8684 (87.3) | 2976 (88.2) | 5718 (86.9) | 0.04 |
| Hospital admission within 30 d of discharge | 1236 (12.4) | 417 (12.4) | 819 (12.4) | 0 |
| 30-d mortality | 387 (3.9) | 146 (4.3) | 241 (3.7) | 0.03 |
Note: ADG = adjusted diagnostic group, ED = emergency department, IQR = interquartile range, SD = standard deviation.
↵* Unless indicated otherwise.