Table 2:

Characteristics of included studies

Study (year)	Location	Population	Period	Law(s)	Outcomes	Statistical methods
Sproule and Kennett (1988) (24)	Canada	All	1972–1982	Bill C-51	Homicide	Analysis of variance
Mundt (1990) (25)	Canada; United States	All	1971–1988	Bill C-51	Homicide, suicide, accidental death	Visual inspection
Rich et al. (1990) (26)	Toronto; San Diego	Males	1973–1983	Bill C-51	Suicide	t tests, time series analysis
Mauser and Holmes (1992) (27)	Canada (excluding Newfoundland and Labrador, and 3 territories)	All	1968–1988	Bill C-51	Homicide	Pooled cross-section time series model
Leenaars et al.^* (1993,1994, 1996,1997, 2001, 2003) (18)^– (23)	Canada	All	1969–1985	Bill C-51	Homicide, suicide	t tests, simple linear regression, multiple regression, interrupted time series
Carrington and Moyer (1994a) (28)	Ontario	All	1965–1989	Bill C-51	Suicide	t tests, time series analysis
Carrington and Moyer (1994b) (29)	Canada	All	1965–1989	Bill C-51	Suicide	Interrupted time series
Leenaars and Lester (1997) (30)	Canada	All	1969–1985	Bill C-51	Accidental death	t tests, simple linear regression, multiple regression
Bridges (2004) (31)	Canada	All	1984–1998	Bill C-17	Homicide, suicide	t tests, simple linear regression
Caron (2004) (32)	Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Que.	All	1986–1996	Bill C-17	Suicide	χ² and likelihood ratio tests
Cheung and Dewa (2005) (33)	Canada	Age 15–19 years	1979–1999	Bill C-17	Suicide	Time series models
Caron et al. (2008) (34)	Quebec	All	1987–2001	Bill C-17	Suicide	Linear regression, interrupted time series analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient analyses, multivariate analysis
Gagne et al. (2010) (35)	Quebec	Males	1981–2006	Bill C-17	Suicide	Joinpoint analysis, Poisson regression analysis
Blais et al. (2011) (36)	Canada	All	1974–2004	Bill C-51, Bill C-17, Bill C-68	Homicide	Multiple time series analysis
Langmann (2012) (37)	Canada	All	1974–2008	Bill C-51, Bill C-17, Bill C-68	Homicide	Interrupted time series Poisson regression, ARIMA, Joinpoint analysis
Linteau and Blais (2013) (39)	Quebec	All	1974–2006	Bill C-68	Homicide	Extreme bounds analysis
McPhedran and Mauser (2013) (38)	Canada	All	1974–2009	Bill C-68	Homicide, domestic homicide	ARIMA, Zivot–Andrews structural breakpoint test
Langmann (2020) (40)	Canada	All	1981–2016	Bill C-17, Bill C-68	Homicide, suicide	Difference in differences analysis, negative binomial regression

Note: ARIMA = autoregressive integrated moving average.
↵* Data from multiple reports investigating the same legislation, population and outcome were collated.