Respondents’ practice and resources for BUP provision
| Characteristic | No. of respondents | % of respondents (95% CI) | Range across physician groups, %* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency of contact with patients who use opioids | |||
| Treat patients who use illicit opioids at least once per shift (n = 648) | 384 | 59.3† (55.5–63.1) | 0.0–95.7 |
| Treat patients who use illicit opioids at least once per month (n = 648) | 595 | 91.8† (89.7–93.9) | 24.1–100.0 |
| BUP practice, past | |||
| Initiate ED or home-based BUP at least once per month (n = 649) | 161 | 24.8‡ (21.5–28.1) | 0.0–76.7 |
| Initiate ED or home-based BUP at least once per year (n = 649) | 358 | 51.3‡ (55.2–59.0) | 3.6–100.0 |
| Initiated ED or home-based BUP at least once in career (n = 649) | 416 | 64.1‡ (60.4–67.8) | 7.1–100.0 |
| Prescribed BUP for home initiation at least once in career (n = 606) | 233 | 38.4 (34.6–42.3) | 0.0–79.1 |
| Ordered BUP for ED initiation at least once in career (n = 649) | 408 | 62.9 (59.1–66.6) | 7.1–100.0 |
| BUP practice, planned | |||
| Would use ED BUP for opioid withdrawal (n = 649) | 412 | 63.5 (59.8–67.2) | 3.4–100.0 |
| Would prescribe BUP for home use (n = 648) | 223 | 34.4 (30.7–38.1) | 0.0–72.1 |
| Availability of resources | |||
| Timely access to addictions specialist (n = 646) | 424 | 65.6 (62.0–69.3) | 22.5–100.0 |
| Clinical pathway for BUP initiation (n = 646) | 389 | 60.2 (56.4–64.0) | 5.1–95.3 |
| BUP available to order (n = 640) | 511 | 79.8 (76.7–83.0) | 7.7–100.0 |
| BUP to-go packages for home initiation (n = 637) | 222 | 34.9 (31.1–38.6) | 0.0–95.5 |
| Peer support workers for patients with opioid use disorder (n = 639) | 245 | 38.3 (34.6–32.1) | 6.7–92.3 |
| Low-barrier clinics for ongoing care (n = 639) | 481 | 75.3 (71.9–78.6) | 11.1–100.0 |
Note: BUP = buprenorphine–naloxone, CI = confidence interval, ED = emergency department.
↵* Range from the ED group with the lowest positive response rate to the ED group with the highest positive response rate.
↵† The sum of these percentages is > 100% because at least once per month includes at least once per shift.
↵‡ The sum of these percentages is > 100% because at least once in career includes both at least once per year and at least once per month, and at least once per year includes at least once per month.