Factors associated with internalizing behaviour at age 5
| Factor | Analysis type; OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | |
| Maternal ACEs, ≥ 4 | 1.58 (1.12–2.23) | 1.19 (0.82–1.73) |
| Child covariables | ||
| Child age, mo | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) |
| Male sex | 0.86 (0.65–1.11) | 0.82 (0.63–1.10) |
| Negative affect (≥ 1 SD on Rothbart scale) | 3.21 (2.39–4.32) | 2.42 (1.77–3.34) |
| Maternal covariables | ||
| Maternal age, yr | 0.97 (0.94–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) |
| Anxiety or depression† | ||
| None (baseline) | 1.0 (Ref.) | 1.0 (Ref.) |
| Present at 3 yr only | 1.51 (0.93–2.45) | 0.96 (0.56–1.63) |
| Present at 5 yr only | 2.30 (1.58–3.33) | 1.91 (1.28–2.84) |
| Present at 3 and 5 yr | 4.57 (3.19–6.55) | 2.52 (1.66–3.81) |
| High maternal neuroticism (≥ 1 SD on Eysenck scale) | 3.27 (2.41–4.43) | 2.21 (1.54–3.19) |
| High ineffective/hostile parenting (≥ 1 SD on parenting scale) at 5 yr | 2.00 (1.48–2.69) | 1.43 (1.03–1.99) |
| Sociodemographic covariables | ||
| Family income, per $50 000 increase | 0.86 (0.78–0.97) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) |
| Minority ethnicity | 1.65 (1.21–2.25) | 1.59 (1.13–2.23) |
| Single-parent or blended family | 1.62 (0.91–2.86) | 1.22 (0.71–2.08) |
Note: ACE = adverse childhood experience, CI = confidence interval, Eysenck scale = Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised, OR = odds ratio, parenting scale = National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, Ref. = reference category, Rothbart scale = Rothbart Child Temperament Scale, SD = standard deviation.
* Mutually adjusted for all variables in the model. In the adjusted model, n = 1611, C statistic = 0.7128, Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit p value = 0.5.
↵† For data on maternal depression or anxiety, age refers to the child’s age.