| Characteristic | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval)* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | China | Philippines | Pakistan | Sri Lanka | |
| Age category, yr | |||||
| 16-19 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| 20-29 | 1.57 (1.44-1.71) | 1.64 (1.43-1.88) | 1.74 (1.55-1.97) | 2.1 (1.78-2.48) | 1.87 (1.61-2.18) |
| 30-39 | 1.69 (1.55-1.85) | 1.41 (1.21-1.63) | 1.85 (1.63-2.10) | 2.1 (1.76-2.51) | 2.09 (1.79-2.44) |
| 40-49 | 1.85 (1.69-2.02) | 1.28 (1.10-1.48) | 1.44 (1.26-1.65) | 2.18 (1.82-2.61) | 1.75 (1.49-2.04) |
| 50-59 | 1.71 (1.56-1.87) | 1.17 (1.01-1.37) | 1.10 (0.96-1.27) | 2.37 (1.96-2.87) | 1.44 (1.23-1.7) |
| 60-69 | 1.40 (1.27-1.54) | 1.08 (0.92-1.28) | 0.83 (0.71-0.97) | 2.56 (2.08-3.14) | 1.26 (1.06-1.49) |
| 70-79 | 1.19 (1.07-1.32) | 0.85 (0.71-1.01) | 0.54 (0.44-0.66) | 2.37 (1.83-3.09) | 1.3 (1.08-1.56) |
| ≥ 80 | 0.94 (0.82-1.08) | 0.58 (0.47-0.71) | 0.38 (0.29-0.49) | 2.3 (1.59-3.33) | 0.94 (0.75-1.17) |
| Sex | |||||
| Female | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Male | 1.01 (0.99-1.03) | 1.03 (0.99-1.06) | 0.81 (0.78-0.84) | 1.09 (1.03-1.15) | 1.04 (1.00-1.08) |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Rural† | 1.09 (0.96-1.23) | 1.22 (0.98-1.52) | 1.38 (1.16-1.65) | 1.41 (1.02-1.93) | 1.11 (0.83-1.48) |
| Neighbourhood income quintile | |||||
| First (lowest) | 0.90 (0.87-0.94) | 1.1 (1.04-1.18) | 0.90 (0.85-0.97) | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 0.99 (0.93-1.06) |
| Second | 0.95 (0.92-0.98) | 1.01 (0.95-1.06) | 0.96 (0.91-1.01) | 1.04 (0.96-1.13) | 0.96 (0.92-1.01) |
| Third | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Fourth | 1.04 (1.01-1.07) | 1.04 (0.99-1.1) | 1.05 (0.99-1.11) | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | 1.00 (0.95-1.06) |
| Fifth (highest) | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | 1.06 (1.00-1.12) | 0.98 (0.91-1.05) | 1.18 (1.08-1.30) | 1.15 (1.07-1.23) |
| Ethnic concentration quintile | |||||
| First (lowest) | 1.02 (0.92-1.12) | 1.21 (1.04-1.41) | 1.08 (0.93-1.24) | 1.16 (0.91-1.49) | 1.07 (0.87-1.32) |
| Second | 1.01 (0.94-1.09) | 1.16 (1.03-1.32) | 1.09 (0.98-1.22) | 0.92 (0.76-1.12) | 1.07 (0.93-1.24) |
| Third | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Fourth | 0.91 (0.87-0.96) | 0.96 (0.88-1.05) | 0.87 (0.81-0.95) | 1.07 (0.94-1.23) | 0.89 (0.8-0.99) |
| Fifth (highest) | 0.82 (0.78-0.86) | 0.76 (0.70-0.82) | 0.77 (0.72-0.83) | 0.88 (0.77-0.99) | 0.81 (0.74-0.89) |
| Material deprivation quintile | |||||
| First (lowest) | 1.06 (1.02-1.09) | 0.99 (0.94-1.05) | 1.11 (1.05-1.18) | 0.97 (0.89-1.05) | 1.13 (1.06-1.19) |
| Second | 1.00 (0.97-1.03) | 1.01 (0.96-1.07) | 1.01 (0.95-1.07) | 0.98 (0.91-1.06) | 1.03 (0.98-1.08) |
| Third | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Fourth | 0.89 (0.86-0.92) | 0.89 (0.84-0.94) | 0.93 (0.87-0.98) | 0.77 (0.70-0.85) | 0.94 (0.89-0.99) |
| Fifth (highest) | 0.77 (0.74-0.81) | 0.86 (0.80-0.93) | 0.93 (0.86-0.99) | 0.76 (0.68-0.86) | 0.86 (0.80-0.92) |
| Characteristic | Adjusted prevalence ratio (95% confidence interval)* | ||||
| India | China | Philippines | Pakistan | Sri Lanka | |
| Education | |||||
| University degree or higher | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Some university | 0.91 (0.86-0.96) | 0.87 (0.8-0.93) | 0.84 (0.79-0.91) | 1.28 (1.11-1.48) | 0.88 (0.79-0.98) |
| Nonuniversity qualifications (e.g., college diploma) | 0.81 (0.78-0.83) | 0.55 (0.52-0.58) | 0.82 (0.77-0.86) | 0.90 (0.84-0.97) | 0.70 (0.66-0.74) |
| Secondary or less | 0.96 (0.93-0.99) | 0.75 (0.71-0.79) | 0.78 (0.74-0.82) | 0.91 (0.84-1.00) | 0.89 (0.83-0.95) |
| None | 0.71 (0.67-0.75) | 0.58 (0.52-0.65) | 0.76 (0.69-0.84) | 0.92 (0.81-1.05) | 0.72 (0.66-0.79) |
| Time since arrival in Canada, yr | |||||
| ≥ 20 | 1.41 (1.32-1.51) | 1.78 (1.54-2.06) | 1.77 (1.61-1.95) | 2.04 (1.63-2.55) | 1.48 (1.32-1.67) |
| 15-19 | 2.09 (1.96-2.23) | 3.57 (3.14-4.06) | 2.35 (2.15-2.57) | 2.52 (2.05-3.09) | 1.83 (1.64-2.06) |
| 10-14 | 1.97 (1.85-2.09) | 2.92 (2.58-3.31) | 2.17 (1.99-2.37) | 2.04 (1.67-2.50) | 1.87 (1.67-2.10) |
| 4-9 | 1.22 (1.15-1.30) | 1.37 (1.21-1.55) | 1.51 (1.39-1.65) | 1.23 (1.01-1.51) | 1.19 (1.06-1.33) |
| < 4 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Language ability | |||||
| English | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| French | 0.71 (0.69-0.73) | 0.73 (0.70-0.75) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) | 0.60 (0.56-0.65) | 0.77 (0.74-0.81) |
| Both | 1.16 (1.04-1.29) | 0.93 (0.75-1.17) | 1.60 (1.12-2.28) | 1.18 (0.86-1.63) | 1.02 (0.78-1.34) |
| Neither | 0.71 (0.69-0.73) | 0.73 (0.70-0.75) | 0.93 (0.88-0.98) | 0.60 (0.56-0.65) | 0.77 (0.74-0.81) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 1.09 (1.01-1.18) | 1.23 (1.11-1.37) | 1.08 (0.96-1.21) | 1.10 (0.90-1.34) | 0.98 (0.88-1.10) |
| Single | 1.12 (1.09-1.15) | 1.19 (1.14-1.25) | 0.97 (0.93-1.01) | 1.24 (1.16-1.33) | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) |
| Immigrant class | |||||
| Economic | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Family | 0.80 (0.78-0.82) | 0.86 (0.82-0.91) | 0.84 (0.81-0.88) | 0.82 (0.76-0.88) | 0.73 (0.69-0.77) |
| Refugee | 0.96 (0.89-1.04) | 0.73 (0.67-0.80) | 1.33 (0.98-1.79) | 1.39 (1.28-1.51) | 0.83 (0.79-0.87) |
| Other | 1.04 (0.93-1.17) | 0.68 (0.60-0.76) | 1.06 (0.90-1.25) | 1.33 (1.10-1.62) | 0.95 (0.86-1.05) |
*Adjusted for world region of birth, sex, residence, age category, neighbourhood income quintile, material deprivation quintile, ethnic concentration quintile, education, time since arrival in Canada, language ability, marital status and immigrant class.