Sociodemographic | | | | | | | | |
Maternal age birth 2, yr, mean ± SD | - | | 30.3 ± 5.0 | | 26.2 ± 5.1 | |
Smoking | No | No | 7075 | 8.2 | < 0.001 | 940 | 29 | 0.01 |
No | Yes | 246 | 20.7 | 86 | 31.4 |
Yes | No | 369 | 13.6 | 138 | 28.3 |
Yes | Yes | 880 | 24.5 | 698 | 22.2 |
Folic acid | Yes | No | 2803 | 5.6 | < 0.001 | 184 | 28.3 | 0.07 |
Yes | Yes | 1017 | 8.8 | 131 | 26.7 |
No | No | 994 | 7.9 | 161 | 35.4 |
No | Yes | 1929 | 17.8 | 820 | 25.2 |
Maternal obesity | No | No | 4333 | 9.3 | < 0.001 | 840 | 25.2 | 0.6 |
No | Yes | 287 | 15.7 | 55 | 20 |
Yes | No | 352 | 11.6 | 102 | 29.4 |
Yes | Yes | 1893 | 12 | 455 | 26.2 |
High income area | Yes | Yes | 4048 | 7.9 | < 0.001 | 662 | 27 | 0.1 |
Yes | No | 533 | 13.1 | 155 | 34.2 |
No | Yes | 649 | 14.3 | 144 | 27.1 |
No | No | 2271 | 13.6 | 695 | 24.7 |
Rural residence | No | No | 3550 | 8.9 | < 0.001 | 1188 | 25.6 | 0.7 |
No | Yes | 353 | 12.5 | 98 | 28.6 |
Yes | No | 253 | 13 | 75 | 30.7 |
Yes | Yes | 2213 | 13.6 | 619 | 27 |
Married | Yes | Yes | 6174 | 7 | < 0.001 | 588 | 25.9 | 0.8 |
Yes | No | 157 | 17.8 | 55 | 30.9 |
No | Yes | 1019 | 14 | 321 | 27.7 |
No | No | 1069 | 20.4 | 653 | 27 |
Interpregnancy interval | < 18mo | 998 | 17.1 | < 0.001 | 294 | 24.5 | 0.4 |
≥ 18 mo | 8465 | 9.5 | 1703 | 26.7 |
Maternal health | | | | | | | | |
Recreational drug use | No | No | 9221 | 10.1 | < 0.001 | 1850 | 26.1 | 0.4 |
No | Yes | 81 | 17.3 | 46 | 37 |
Yes | No | 123 | 18.7 | 83 | 27.7 |
Yes | Yes | 38 | 23.7 | 18 | 22.2 |
Pregestational diabetes | No | No | 9390 | 10.3 | 0.6 | 1970 | 26.3 | 0.3 |
No | Yes | 25 | 12 | 8 | 0 |
Yes | Yes | 40 | 15.6 | 13 | 38.5 |
Gestational diabetes | No | No | 8966 | 10.1 | 0.01 | 1892 | 26.4 | 0.6 |
No | Yes | 248 | 10.1 | 56 | 28.6 |
Yes | No | 126 | 17.5 | 17 | 11.8 |
Yes | Yes | 123 | 16.3 | 32 | 28.1 |
Hyperemesis | No | No | 9352 | 10.2 | 0.1 | 1964 | 26.1 | 0.09 |
No | Yes | 62 | 11.3 | 18 | 44.4 |
Yes | No | 38 | 18.4 | 7 | 57.1 |
Yes | Yes | 11 | 27.3 | 8 | 25 |
| | | | | |
Labour and delivery factors | | | | | | | | |
Labour S/I | Yes | Yes | 7389 | 9.9 | 0.03 | 1144 | 26.3 | 0.01 |
Yes | No | 1479 | 12 | 251 | 23 |
No | Yes | 188 | 6.9 | 15 | 48.3 |
No | No | 407 | 11.8 | 6 | 32.2 |
Cesarean delivery | No | No | 6685 | 9.9 | 0 | 1414 | 25.7 | 0.06 |
No | Yes | 464 | 12.9 | 111 | 32.4 |
Yes | No | 457 | 4.8 | 69 | 37.7 |
Yes | Yes | 1855 | 12.2 | 403 | 25.1 |
Ob/Gyn attending | Yes | Yes | 4997 | 11.1 | 0.01 | 1069 | 27.5 | 0.2 |
Yes | No | 1144 | 8 | 232 | 27.6 |
No | Yes | 659 | 10.9 | 153 | 28.1 |
No | No | 2620 | 9.4 | 523 | 22.9 |
Postpartum hemorrhage | No | No | 8005 | 10.3 | 0.6 | 1711 | 25.5 | 0.03 |
No | Yes | 474 | 9.1 | 97 | 30.9 |
Yes | No | 837 | 10.8 | 170 | 28.8 |
Yes | Yes | 147 | 8.2 | 19 | 52.6 |
Spinal anesthesia | No | No | 6533 | 9.8 | 0.02 | 1429 | 25.7 | 0.08 |
No | Yes | 1644 | 11.6 | 291 | 24.4 |
Yes | No | 567 | 8.8 | 84 | 36.9 |
Yes | Yes | 719 | 12.7 | 193 | 29.5 |
Labour and delivery factors (continued) | | | | | | | | |
Epidural anesthesia | No | No | 2758 | 10 | 0.2 | 666 | 27.9 | 0.06 |
No | Yes | 532 | 9.8 | 117 | 35 |
Yes | No | 2919 | 11.2 | 597 | 25.3 |
Yes | Yes | 3254 | 9.7 | 617 | 24 |
Intravenous analgesia | No | No | 1898 | 8.9 | 0.1 | 448 | 26.8 | 0.3 |
No | Yes | 497 | 11.7 | 129 | 32.6 |
Yes | No | 1816 | 10.7 | 394 | 26.9 |
Yes | Yes | 5252 | 10.5 | 1026 | 25.1 |
Infant factors | | | | | | | | |
Birth sex | - | Male | 4921 | 10.2 | 0.8 | 1034 | 24.6 | 0.7 |
- | Female | 4542 | 10.3 | 963 | 24.8 |
Birth weight ≥ 2500 g | Yes | Yes | 8923 | 10 | < 0.001 | 1798 | 25.3 | 0.01 |
Yes | No | 163 | 16.6 | 63 | 28.6 |
No | Yes | 315 | 14 | 110 | 38.2 |
No | No | 54 | 18.5 | 24 | 41.7 |
Apgar at 1 min > 6 | Yes | Yes | 7674 | 9.9 | 0.1 | 1613 | 24.7 | < 0.001 |
Yes | No | 554 | 12.1 | 124 | 34.7 |
No | Yes | 1080 | 11.7 | 237 | 31.2 |
No | No | 155 | 11.6 | 23 | 47.3 |
Birth year | - | 2007-09 | 3819 | 9.2 | 0.01 | 761 | 31.7 | < 0.001 |
- | 2010-11 | 2280 | 11.6 | 529 | 20.4 |
- | 2012-13 | 3364 | 10.6 | 707 | 25 |
NICU admission | - | Yes | 192 | 10.9 | 0.7 | 50 | 44 | < 0.001 |
- | No | 9271 | 10.3 | 1947 | 25.9 |
Head/neck anomaly | - | No | 9440 | 10.3 | 0.07 | 1990 | 26.3 | 0.9 |
- | Yes | 23 | 21.7 | 7 | 28.6 |
Other major anomaly | - | No | 9124 | 10.1 | 0.03 | 1900 | 25.7 | 0.01 |
- | Yes | 339 | 13.9 | 97 | 38.1 |
Gestational age ≥ 37 wk | Yes | Yes | 8534 | 10 | 0.03 | 1744 | 24.6 | < 0.001 |
Yes | No | 329 | 14.3 | 79 | 35.4 |
No | Yes | 453 | 12.1 | 128 | 37.5 |
No | No | 108 | 13 | 31 | 51.6 |
Infant length of stay < 72 h | Yes | Yes | 5263 | 10.4 | 0.5 | 1279 | 22.8 | < 0.001 |
Yes | No | 754 | 9.7 | 200 | 35 |
No | Yes | 2207 | 10.7 | 324 | 29.3 |
No | No | 1239 | 9.3 | 194 | 35.6 |
Hyperbilirubin | No | No | 6635 | 10.6 | 0 | 1535 | 23.8 | < 0.001 |
No | Yes | 804 | 8.5 | 156 | 35.3 |
Yes | No | 1471 | 11.5 | 228 | 28.1 |
Yes | Yes | 553 | 5.8 | 78 | 53.8 |